LE GRANDE MAISON

LE GRANDE MAISON
THE GREAT HOUSE

Tuesday, March 7, 2017

FORM FOUR - GEOGRAPHY DIRECTORY

FORM FOUR - GEOGRAPHY DIRECTORY

SUBJECT MATTER TO COVER
  • Introduction to research
  • Concept of research
  • Stages of research work
  • Climate and natural regions
  • World climatic types and their characteristics
  • Natural regions of the world
  • Human population
  • Concept of population
  • Population distribution
  • Population change
  • Population data
  • Population problems
  • Population policy
  • Settlements
  • Concept of settlement
  • Growth of settlements
  • Environmental issues and management
  • Concept of environment
  • Importance of environment
  • Environmental problems
  • Environmental conservation

A: INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH

CONCEPT OF RESEARCH
- Descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental (pure), quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, empirical
- Research which deals with description a state that exists presently
- Use of facts or existing information and then analyzing them to make critical evaluations
- Aims to find a solution to an immediate problem facing a society or an organization
  • Fundamental
- Research which deals with generalizations or formation of theory
  • Quantitative
- Research which deals with the measurement of quantity or amount in numerical form
  • Qualitative
- Deals with the quality of a phenomenon
  • Conceptual
- The research which deals with abstract ideas or theory, so as to develop new concepts
  • Empirical
- The research which relies on experience or observation without regarding system or theory
  • Objectives of Research
- To be familiar with a phenomenon, to reveal accurate features of certain aspects of social life, test or approve hypotheses of casual relationships between phenomena
  • Importance of Research
- Provides policy makers with accurate information about the subject matter, used to provide accurate solutions to social problems, used to direct social activities, providing reliable information to the data bank, members of society become well informed about their society
  • The benefits and problems of research
- Benefits: Helps remove preconceived ideas in the researchers mind, creates a spirit of investigation, finds accurate solutions to problems, provides sources for future research, used to improve production
- Problems: Takes a lot of time, research may be unsuccessful or useless, research is often only applicable to intellectuals
  • Why conducting field research is important
- The method is systematic, objective, specific to a certain problem, encourages collection of original data
  • Problems that can be encountered during field research
- Transport problems, climatic problems, language problems, instruments not being available, diseases, lack of human needs
  • Objectives of field research
- Discovery of new knowledge, explanation of phenomena, description of a phenomenon, prediction of new principles or theories, theory development
  • How to conduct field research
- Identify the problem, form a hypothesis, collect data, analyze data, data recording and presentation, testing the hypothesis, generalization
  • How to prepare yourself for field research
- Understand the problem in well defined terms, know objectives of the research, awareness of geographical region, know types of data required and how to obtain them, know the sample of population to be studied, prepare tools for analysis, prepare a budget/work plan/time schedule
  • Important uses of research findings
- Used to solve social problems, used by agricultural experts, preparing teaching materials and methods, improving governance, helps distribute social services, controlling diseases, to report data to the population, used by businessmen to develop business
  • Sampling Techniques
- Method of getting samples from a population; random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling
  • Quantitative Research
- Based on the measurements of quantities or amounts of variables of a phenomenon
  • Research
- Is the systematic collection of data used to understand a problem or phenomenon
  • Research Tools
- Methods of data collection including observation, interviews, questionnaires
  • Non-probability sampling (Non-random sampling)
- The elements chosen in the sample are not given an equal chance of being selected. (E.g. Handpicked sampling, snowball sampling, volunteer sampling)
  • Probability Sampling (Random Sampling)
- States that each element in the population has an equal chance of being selected. (E.g. Simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling)
  • Sampling
- Is the process of selecting a small portion of the total population which will represent the entire population statistically
  • Hypothesis
- Is a statement of speculation about the outcomes of research. It is the expected result of research by the researcher before going to the field to collect data
  • Field Research
- Process of collection of data in a systematic manner with the aim of solving a problem


STAGES OF RESEARCH WORK
  • Stages of conducting research
- Identify problem, formulate hypothesis, labeling variable, establish a study design, data collection, analysis of information, report writing, conclusion
  • Research Techniques
- Observation, measurement, interview, questionnaires, focus groups
  • Observation
- Use of eyes to look at phenomena to record what is seen
  • Measurement
- The way data is obtained by using equipment
  • Interview
- Conduct a verbal interaction between an interviewer and interviewee
  • Questionnaire
- Prepared questions to be answered by a respondent set by a researcher
  • Focus Group Discussion (FGD)
- Involves intensive discussion about a particular issue done in a small group of people
  • Types of Hypothesis
- Null, alternative
  • Null
- One that is stated in negation, can be said to be true or false
  • Alternative
- Indicates an actual expectation or relationship
  • Characteristics of a good hypothesis
- States clearly the relationship between the variables, must provide sound rationale, consistent with commonly accepted notions, must be testable, must be related to empirical phenomenon, must be consistent with purpose of research, simple and concise
  • Purpose of hypotheses
- Provides direction, ensures collection of evidence to answer research problem, sensitize the investigator to certain aspects of the situation, enables researcher to access information they have collected from respondents, permits researcher to understand problem with greater clarity and use it to find a solution, provides a framework for the ultimate conclusion of the research
  • Research Proposal
- A systematic plan which plans what will be needed to accomplish the main objective of the research
  • Functions of a research proposal
- Guideline to show how to proceed with a project, shows where the research should end, shows how the research will be evaluated in the future
  • Components of a research proposal
- Title, problem and setting, hypothesis, literature review, work plan, budget chart, references
  • Qualities of a good research proposal
- Should be clearly written, precise, reasonable length, worth time/money being used


B: CLIMATE AND NATURAL REGIONS

  • NATURAL REGIONS OF THE WORLD
- Trees of tropical rainforests and coniferous forests are evergreen
- Tropical rain forests consist primarily of hard wood


C: HUMAN POPULATION

CONCEPTS OF POPULATION
  • Age Structure of a Population
- The distribution of ages of people in a society
  • Birth Rate
- The number of live births per year per 1000 people in the population
  • Death Rate
- The number of deaths per year per 1000 people in the population
  • Family Planning
- Is the process of improving conditions of the family by ensuring an appropriate number of children and a proper spacing of time between one child and another
  • Growth Curve
- The curve shape produced when the rate of growth of an organism or population is plotted on a graph
  • Infant Mortality Rate
- Number of deaths of children below one year old per 1000 people in the population
  • Landlocked Countries
- Countries without suitable harbors or access to oceans
  • Population
- Is the number of people available in a given geographical area
  • Rural-Urban Migration
- Movement of people, especially young people, from rural areas to towns and cities
  • Urbanization
- Is the process of transformation in which a rural area develops into a town, from trade, modern buildings, population increase
  • Factors determining age structure in a population
- Birth rate, death rate, infant mortality rate, migration, marriage status and rates
  • Explain the effects of rapid population growth on small scale agriculture
- Causes deforestation, desertification, land conflict, food shortage, land degradation, water pollution, soil pollution
  • Effects of overpopulation on human and natural resources in East Africa
- Not enough doctors/teachers for the large population, overexploitation of natural resources like water/land, lower standards of living, poor housing/social services
  • Characteristics of human populations
- Population size, population density, population distribution, sex ration, age distribution, population growth rate, population change
  • Factors that influence population distribution
- Physical factors like topography/climate/soil/vegetation, pests/diseases, war/government policies, economic factors like employment/industry
  • The aims of introducing family planning
- To improve the living standards of the family, control population pressure, improve health of mothers and children, avoid STDs and unwanted pregnancy
  • The main problems facing family planning in Tanzania
- Poverty, ignorance, cultural beliefs, religious beliefs, poor means of transport and communication to spread the message, lack of education, poor organization of groups spreading this message, laws such as allowing girls to marry at 15
  • Factors influencing rapid human population growth and distribution
- Availability of food supplies, availability of clean/safe water supplies, pollution-free environment, availability of health services, availability of social services i.e. schools/markets, availability of infrastructure, availability of employment
  • Factors influencing population changes
- Migration, death, birth, governmental policy


D: SETTLEMENTS

CONCEPT OF SETTLEMENT
  • Linear Settlement
- Is a pattern of settlement where homes are along a road or railway system
  • Nucleated Settlement
- Is a pattern of settlement where homes are situated close to each other
  • Scattered Settlement
- Is a pattern of settlement where homes are situated far apart
  • Migration
- Is the movement of people from one region to another


GROWTH OF SETTLEMENTS
  • Settlement patterns are influenced by
- Physical Factors: Climate/soil/topography, biological factors: pests/diseases/vegetation, Political Factors: War/policies/economics/culture
  • Explain the basic factors involved in setting up rural settlements
- Availability of land and economic activities, climate, availability of water sources, vegetation, topography, pests/diseases, safety
  • Functions in an urban settlement
- Administrative and economic centers, defensive functions, provision of higher education/health services, production centers, markets, entertainment, financial services
  • Negative impacts of rural-urban migration
- Depopulation, failure of local economic activities, shortage of food production, breaking of family ties, environmental pollution in urban areas, unemployment, inadequate social services, increase in crime in urban areas as people struggle to survive
  • Main factors causing rural to urban migration
- Absence of employment opportunities, land shortage, poor health services in rural areas, poor infrastructure, poor educational services, low income
  • Pure Nomadic Pastoralism
- Pastoralists have no permanent residence and are in constant movement grazing from one place to another
  • Semi-nomadic Pastoralism
- Farmers have permanent residence but during the dry season they travel long distances to look for pasture and water, have some level of cultivation to supplement income/food
  • The disadvantages of nomadic pastoralism in northern Kenya
- Contributes to soil erosion from movement of herds, desertification from eating vegetation, does not allow farmers to settle, source of conflict between farmers and nomads over land use, animal diseases spread easily
  • Characteristics of nomadic pastoralism in East Africa
- Not confined to a single area, animals are for subsistence purposes, poor health of animals, causes soil erosion/desertification, conflict between pastoralists and farmers, requires little capital
  • How to improve pastoralism in East Africa
- Provision of education to farmers of modern ways of keeping livestock, adopt a range system to avoid desertification and soil erosion, provide health services to animals, provide storage facilities to farmers and livestock producers, improve transportation, have separate land for farmers and pastoralists
  • Factors which cause the different types of internal migration
- More developed areas have more job opportunities, low agricultural productivity, poverty/hunger/underemployment, rapid increase in population, development of projects, government policies, war/violence, better social/health services


E: ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND MANAGEMENT


CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENT
  • Ecosystem
- Is a network of living organisms and non-living things interacting with each other
  • Features adopted by plants to survive in hot deserts
- Long roots to penetrate to underground water, succulent leaves and stems for storage of extra water, waxy or needle-like leaves to prevent loss of water, seeds which are dormant for years until rainfall occurs
  • Cacti
- Typical plants of a hot desert area, have long roots, thorny steps, needle shaped leaves, wax or hair

IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENT
  • Importance of the environment
- Natural resources, human health, farming, tourism, beauty, biodiversity


ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
  • Environmental problems facing Tanzania
- Environmental pollution from industry/agriculture/human activities, desertification, soil erosion, land degradation, deforestation from economic activities like charcoal production, loss of biodiversity
  • Examples of environmental hazards
- Earthquakes, floods, bush fires, drought, volcanic eruption, tsunami, pollution, environmental degradation, desertification, deforestation
  • Environmental Degradation
- The gradual or rapid decline of the quality of the environment required for animals or plants to live
  • Environmental Hazards
- Are toxic materials or incidences which are harmful to humans or other animals, they can be caused by human activity or by natural occurrences
  • Acid Rain
- Is rain which results from the mixture of moisture in the air with oxides of nitrogen and sulfur forming nitric acid, sulphuric acid, and carbonic acid
  • Effects of acid rain
- Death of plants and animals, fills lakes/rivers/dams with acidic water, reduces quality of soil for agriculture, speeds up the rate of erosion of rocks, causes corrosion of infrastructure
  • Deforestation
- The excessive massive cutting down of trees by humans for economic activity
  • Forestry
- Is an economic activity which deals with the production of wood products and cutting of forests


ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION
  • Measures taken to solve environmental problems in Tanzania
- Environmental education in schools/colleges/universities, reforestation, protection of national forests, laws, restriction of harmful chemicals, restrictions on hunting
  • Ways to avoid environmental degradation in Central Tanzania
- Afforestation and reafforestation, destocking, proper farming methods, alternative sources of fuel (non charcoal), encourage irrigation, diversify economic activities, increase education
  • Explain soil conservation measures in Kondoa District
- Destocking, crop rotation, afforestation, reforestation, inter cropping, filling gullies with brushwood
  • Causes of the loss of biodiversity
- Human activities like agriculture or industry, expansion of grazing land into new habitats, urbanization, over exploitation of forests/oceans, fishing with dynamite, pollution
  • Biodiversity
- Refers to the variety of life on earth in all its forms
  • Coniferous
- They are cone-bearing seed plants with vascular tissue; all extant conifers are woody plants, the great majority being trees with just a few being shrubs
  • Deciduous
- Consists of broad leaves and are found in temperate regions.


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