FORM
TWO - GEOGRAPHY DIRECTORY
SUBJECT
MATTERS TO COVER
- Human activities
- Agriculture
- Small scale agriculture
- Large scale agriculture
- Livestock keeping
- Water management for economic development
- Importance of water
- River basin development
- Land reclamation
- Sustainable use of water resources
- Water pollution
- Sustainable use of forest resources
- Types of forestry resources
- Importance of forestry resources
- Important areas of forest products, transport and use
- Problems associated with forestry resources harvesting
- Sustainable mining
- Types of mining
- Types and distribution of mining regions in the world
- Methods of mining
- Contribution of mining to the economy of Tanzania
- Effects of the mining industry in the environment
- Focal studies on oil and natural gas
- Tourism
- Concept of tourism
- Factors for the development and growth of tourism
- Importance of tourism
- Focal studies on the tourism industry
- Manufacturing industry
- Concept and importance of manufacturing industries
- Types of manufacturing industries
- Factors for location of industries
- Pollutants from manufacturing industry
- Focal studies on manufacturing
- Sustainable use of power and energy resources
- Define power and energy
- Major sources of power
- Methods of acquiring or extracting power and energy
- Importance and uses of power and energy resources
- Problems facing power and energy production
- Focal studies on wind and solar power in the USA and HEP and biogas in Tanzania
- Transport
- Main types of transport
- Importance of transport
- Problems facing the transport industry
1.
HUMAN ACTIVITIES
CONCEPT
OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES
-
(Not
present in form four exams)
2.
AGRICULTURE
SMALL
SCALE AGRICULTURE
-
Growing
enough food for a family or small population, with little or no extra
food for sale (ex subsistence farming)
OUTLINE
THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALL-SCALE AGRICULTURE
-
Simple
tools are used, areas are small, low production, crops are starch
based, poor transport, less use of chemicals to control diseases,
family labour is used, local superstitious beliefs dominate among
farmers
EFFECTS
OF FARMING OF ON THE ENVIRONMENT
-
Erosion,
destroys bacteria in the soil, overgrazing, deforestation, chemicals,
artificial fertilizers tend to increase soil acidity, monoculture
destroys fertility
TYPES
OF IRRIGATION
-
Basin
Irrigation, overhead irrigation, trickle irrigation, canal
irrigation, tank irrigation, irrigation using lifting devices
EXPLAIN
THE TOOLS OR WAYS OF EMPOWERING WOMEN IN SOCIAL AND COMMERCIAL
ACTIVITIES
-
Giving
education, loans, incorporating them into decision making,
entrepreneurship training
FARMING
-
Is
the process of producing crops and keeping animals
IRRIGATION
-
Is
the practice of ensuring that plants get enough water through
artificial methods like the construction of dams, canals or tubes
MIXED
FARMING
-
The
process of planting trees and growing crops in the same farm unit
LARGE
SCALE AGRICULTURE
-
Growing
of large amounts of crops to feed the population as well as for sale
(ex. cash crops)
DISADVANTAGES
OF LARGE SCALE FARMING IN TANZANIA
-
Needs large capital investment to establish and maintain, dependent
on crop prices, requires a lot of land, can lead to environmental
degradation, contributes to migration to farming areas for employment
CAUSES
OF THE FAILURE TO SATISFY FOOD DEMANDS IN AFRICA
-
Poor
technology, insufficient capital, climate failures, poor policy and
implementation, pests/diseases, low level of education, rural-urban
migration
3.
LIVESTOCK KEEPING
LIVESTOCK
KEEPING
-
The
practice of having animals such as goats or cows to provide milk,
meat or economic value to an individual or family
THE
PROBLEMS OF BEEF CATTLE PRODUCTION IN TANZANIA
-
Insufficient
capital, lack of adequate cold storage, transportation system, lack
of markets, low quality of beef, diseases and pests, shortage of
water and food for cattle, tradition of livestock keeping, ignorance
of livestock keepers about proper methods of animal husbandry, no
emphasis from government on beef cattle production
BEEF
CATTLE PRODUCTION CAN BE IMPROVED THROUGH THE FOLLOWING WAYS
-
Improvement
of transportation and infrastructure, better education of farmers
about animal husbandry, explore viability of new markets for beef
cattle products, building of adequate storage facilities
BEEF
CATTLE PRODUCTION
-
Is
the rearing of cattle for the purpose of producing products like meat
or hides
DESTOCKING
-
Reducing
the number of animals grazing an area of land compared to the lands
capacity
OVERSTOCKING
-
Is
the act of grazing more animals on a piece of land than the land can
handle
PASTORALISM
-
Is
an economic activity whereby people live by grazing livestock on
natural pastures
RANCHING
-
A
system of keeping animals on a large piece of land
4.
WATER MANAGEMENT FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
IMPORTANCE
OF WATER
ECONOMIC
IMPORTANCE OF WATER
-
Encourage
industrial development, improved family life, generation of HEP,
agricultural development, development of transport, fishing
industries, soil formation
EXPLAIN
THE NEED FOR AND PROBLEMS WITH IRRIGATION IN NORTH AFRICA
-
NEEDS:
Areas
are semi-arid with low rainfall preventing crops from growing,
nomadic groups there are not able to produce enough food for
consumption and sale, population is increasing putting pressure on
food supplies
-
PROBLEMS:
Lack
of funds in Kenya, lack of modern technology, few irrigation
engineers, nomads do not want to settle
REASONS
EAST AFRICA HAS NOT DEVELOPED AN ADVANCED FISHING INDUSTRY
-
Lack
of capital or financial support, poor technology, ocean topography
does not encourage fishing grounds, poor market for fish from East
Africa, water pollution, poor means of transport, lack of storage
facilities
FISHING
INDUSTRY
-
Is
an economic activity that deals with the production or harvesting of
fish
5.
RIVER BASIN DEVELOPMENT
THE
ADVANTAGES OF EXPLOITING THE RUFIJI AND KAGERA RIVER BASINS
-
Facilitates
irrigation farming to produce food and cash crops, enables finish
activities by construction of dams, harness water for hydroelectric
power generation, source of clean water, provides employment
THE
DISADVANTAGES OF EXPLOITING THE RUFIJI AND KAGERA RIVER BASINS
-
Environmental
degradation or pollution, contribute to the loss of biodiversity,
expensive infrastructure like dams and channels
ELABORATE
ON THE ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF FOREST RESOURCES IN THE CONGO BASIN
-
Provides
raw materials, provides foreign exchange, source of employment,
brings economic diversification, develops transportation and
communications in the region, can lead to industrial development
LAND
RECLAMATION
-
The
process of turning unproductive land to a useful state such as
reclaiming desert land or creating land by filling the seabed
STEPS
THAT WERE TAKEN IN NETHERLANDS TO RECLAIM THE LAND
-
Building
of dams and dykes to retain water from the sea, draining of water
using canals and pumps, planting reeds to allow water absorption by
plants, burning of reeds to clear the area for cultivation,
cultivation of reclaimed land
AIMS
OF LAND RECLAMATION
-
To
control foods, to get more arable land, obtain land for settlement,
improve navigation, get clean water
SUSTAINABLE
USE OF WATER RESOURCES
BENEFITS
OF ESTABLISHING TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY IN THE USA
-
Increase
in water supply for various uses, improvement in navigation,
hydroelectric power, controlling flooding, creating employment,
development of tourism, increase size of arable land, development of
fishing industry
WATER
POLLUTION
EUTROPHICATION
-
Excessive
growth of algae in rivers and lakes owing to accumulation in the
water of minerals such as nitrates which promote plant growth
WAYS
OF REDUCING POLLUTANTS
-
Locate
industry away from residential areas, recycle waste, efficient
engines, efforts by government and other organizations to avoid
environmental pollution, stronger policies, use of alternative energy
resources, develop other safer activities
6.
SUSTAINABLE USE OF FOREST RESOURCES
TYPES
OF FORESTRY RESOURCES
(Not
present in form four exams)
IMPORTANCE
OF FORESTRY RESOURCES
IMPORTANCE
OF FORESTS
-
Protect
soil from degradation or erosion, habitat for animals, production of
oxygen, providing building material, paper making, maintaining water
sources, attract tourism, research studies
AFFORESTATION
-
Is
the planting of seeds or trees to make a forest on land which has not
been a forest recently, or which has never been a forest
AGROFORESTRY
-
Approach
of using the interactive benefits from trees and shrubs with crops
and livestock
REFORESTATION
-
Is
the reestablishment of a forest after removal, for example from a
timber harvest
REJUVENATION
-
The
renewed activity of an ecological area such as a river or forest
IMPORTANT
AREAS OF FOREST PRODUCTS, TRANSPORT AND USE
(Not
present in form four exams)
PROBLEMS
ASSOCIATED WITH FORESTRY RESOURCES HARVESTING
PROBLEMS
ASSOCIATED WITH THE EXPLOITATION OF FORESTS
-
Poor
capital, lack of valuable species of trees in tropical areas, dense
tropical forests, poor transport, low technology, rapid population
growth, challenges from environmentalists, coniferous trees face
challenges from acidic rain in temperate areas
PROBLEMS
FACING THE FORESTRY INDUSTRY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
-
Uncontrolled
and unplanned cutting of trees, bad cultivation methods and burning
of vegetation, wild animals destroy trees as they feed on them,
depletion which is caused by higher demand for charcoal and firewood,
spread of permanent agriculture, poachers and honey collectors, lack
of transport infrastructure, developing countries do not set prices
for wood products, many trees in tropical areas have no commercial
value
DISCUSS
THE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH EXPLOITATION OF FOREST RESOURCES IN
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES LIKE MALAWI
-
Deforestation,
drought, landslides, shortage of rainfall, soil erosion, loss of
biodiversity
7.
SUSTAINABLE MINING
TYPES
OF MINING
MINERAL
ORE
-
Is
a type of rock that contains minerals with important elements
including metals
(Not
present in form four exams)
TYPES
AND DISTRIBUTION OF MINING REGIONS IN THE WORLD
(Not
present in form four exams)
METHODS
OF MINING
SHAFT
MINING METHOD
-
Is
the method of excavating a vertical tunnel from the top down, where
there is initially no access to the bottom
OPEN
CAST MINING (OPEN PIT MINING)
-
Is
a method of extracting rock or minerals from the earth by their
removal from an open pit
CONTRIBUTION
OF MINING TO THE ECONOMY OF TANZANIA
(Not
present in form four exams)
EFFECTS
OF THE MINING INDUSTRY IN THE ENVIRONMENT
DESCRIBE
THE EFFECTS OF MINING ACTIVITIES TO THE ENVIRONMENT.
-
Pollution, soil degradation, land exhaustion, accelerates
deforestation, disappearance of valuable plant species, greenhouse
effects, spread of malaria due to standing water in mining pits
FACTORS
AFFECTING THE EXPLOITATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES
-
Availability
and size of mineral deposits, quality of deposits, availability of
capital to extract minerals, transportation system, availability of
labour forces, methods used to exploit resources, market prices for
minerals, availability of water supply to cool machinery and for
washing minerals, government policy towards mining
8.
FOCAL STUDIES ON OIL AND NATURAL GAS
(Not
present in form four exams)
9.
TOURISM
CONCEPT
OF TOURISM
ECOTOURISM
-
Integrated
approach that involves the carrying out of tourist activities with a
minimum of negative impacts on the natural environment
TOURISM
-
Is
an economic activity which involves movements of people from their
normal working places or homes to other places near or far away, for
pleasure or recreation
FACTORS
FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH OF TOURISM
WHY
EAST AFRICA IS ATTRACTIVE TO TOURISTS
-
Presence
of mountains and volcanoes, beaches and coral reefs, culture, art,
historical sites, animals, national parks
IMPORTANCE
OF TOURISM
NEGATIVE
EFFECTS OF TOURISM IN EAST AFRICA
-
Environmental
degradation, environmental pollution, spread of disease, cultural
moral decay, spread of illegal drugs, increased government
expenditure
IMPORTANCE
OF ECOTOURISM TO THE LOCAL COMMUNITY
-
Leads
to empowerment of local economy, living standard is raised, locals
gain respect of environment and its resources, preserve culture,
builds relationship between visitors and local community, helps
control diseases due to gaining of education, reduces water
pollution, provide a market for local products (goods), stimulates
development of transport, promotes environmental conservation
awareness
FOCAL
STUDIES ON THE TOURISM INDUSTRY
EXPLAIN
THE NECESSARY CONDITIONAL FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO THE DEVELOPMENT
OF TOURISM INDUSTRY IN SWITZERLAND
-
Availability
of capital, good infrastructure and transport, scenery, good climatic
conditions, availability of recreational activities, peace, located
near other European nations
10.
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
CONCEPT
AND IMPORTANCE OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
MANUFACTURING
-
Involves
processing and changing the raw materials so as to make new products
TYPES
OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
(Not
present in form four exams)
FACTORS
FOR LOCATION OF INDUSTRIES
OUTLINE
THE FACTORS FOR THE LOCATION OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
-
Availability
of raw materials, markets, labour supply, power and energy resources,
capital, transport and communication, good government support/policy,
water supply
FACTORS
LIMITING THE DEVELOPMENT OF DAIRY FARMING IN EAST AFRICA
-
Poor
capital, poor market, lack of storage facilities, poor breeds, lack
of electricity and transport, poor technology, lack of skilled labour
POLLUTANTS
FROM MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
(Not
present in form four exams)
FOCAL
STUDIES ON MANUFACTURING
IMPORTANCE
OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES TO THE WORLD ECONOMY
-
Provides
employment, foreign currency, promote development of technology,
diversification of economy, leads to self sufficiency, improvement of
economic activities like trade/tourism/agriculture, reduces expenses
on imports, encourages improvement of social services, development of
transportation and communication
REASONS
JAPAN PRODUCES SHIPS
-
Employs
modern and advanced technology, possesses highly skilled
employees/technicians, iron/steel industries exist in port towns,
large and reliable market for ships, geographical nature of Japan,
has little land for cultivation, economically developed
FACTORS
FOR POOR DEVELOPMENT OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN TANZANIA
-
Poor capital, poor market, lack of skilled labour, lack of
transportation, lack of technology and communication, lack of
electricity
REASONS
FOR THE RAPID EXPANSION OF INDUSTRIES IN SOUTH AFRICA
-
Availability of capital, advanced technology, good transport and
communication, ready market, availability of raw materials, presence
of skilled and non-skilled labour
EXPLAIN
THE FACTORS FAVOURING DAIRY FARMING IN
DENMARK
-
Development
of science and technology, availability of capital, conducive
climate, availability of pastures, skilled labour
REASONS
FOR AUTO INDUSTRY IN GERMANY
-
Skilled
technicians, advanced technology, availability of capital, ready
market, availability of raw materials, power and energy resources,
transport and communications
11.
SUSTAINABLE USE OF POWER AND ENERGY RESOURCES
DEFINE
POWER AND ENERGY
(Not
present in form four exams)
MAJOR
SOURCES OF POWER & RESOURCES
NATURAL
RESOURCES
-
Naturally
occurring substances that are considered valuable to human activities
RENEWABLE
RESOURCE
-
Any
natural resource that can be used without depleting its reserves
HYDROELECTRIC
POWER
-
Use
of water to create power through the use of turbines
WIND
-
Use
of the wind to power turbines and create energy
SOLAR
-
Use
of solar panels to get electricity from the Sun’s energy
NON-RENEWABLE
RESOURCES
-
Resources
whose reserves can be depleted
PETROLEUM
-
Oil
used in cars, heavy machines or lubricants. Burned for energy and
pollutes
PRECIOUS
STONES
-
Gold,
diamonds and other minerals mines for market or industrial uses
WAYS
TO CONSERVE NATURAL RESOURCES
-
Avoid
deforestation, make good laws, enforce environmental laws, modernize
technology to avoid effects of mining or industry, protect water
sources, education
ACTIVITIES
OF MAN THAT AFFECT NATURAL RESOURCES
-
Agriculture,
overgrazing, mining, cutting of trees for timber
METHODS
OF ACQUIRING OR EXTRACTING POWER AND ENERGY
(Not
present in form four exams)
IMPORTANCE
AND USES OF POWER AND ENERGY RESOURCES
PRECONDITIONS
FOR ESTABLISHING HYDROELECTRIC POWER
-
Presence of a sufficient and constant supply of a large volume of
water (i.e. lake or river), steep gradient or slope along the long
profile of the river, presence of lakes along the river, availability
of space to build dams and reservoirs, enough capital to invest and
maintain the plant, presence of skilled technicians, modern
technology, market for electricity
ADVANTAGES
OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER
-
Clean
power, does not cause severe destruct of environment, dams help
prevent flooding, provides employment, easy to maintain after initial
installation, stimulates industrial development, developing nations
can use hydroelectric power cheaply
PROBLEMS
FACING POWER AND ENERGY PRODUCTION
PROBLEMS
ASSOCIATED WITH EXPLOITATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES
-
Pollution,
low capital, low technology, lack of ready market, lack of skilled
labour
ADVANTAGES
AND DISADVANTAGES OF NATURAL GAS
-
ADVANTAGES:
Efficient,
cleaner than oil, easy to transport
-
DISADVANTAGES:
Explodes
easily, causes air pollution, exhaustible (non-renewable)
FOCAL
STUDIES ON WIND AND SOLAR POWER IN THE USA AND HEP AND BIOGAS IN
TANZANIA
IMPORTANCE
OF NATURAL GAS TO TANZANIA
-
Improving
standard of living, reducing cost of power, promotes environmental
conservation, provide employment, brings in foreign currency, source
of government revenue, stimulate exploitation of other energy
resources like petroleum
12.
TRANSPORT
MAIN
TYPES OF TRANSPORT
(Not
present in form four exams)
IMPORTANCE
OF TRANSPORT
(Not
present in form four exams)
PROBLEMS
FACING THE TRANSPORT INDUSTRY
(Not
present in form four exams)
13.
FORM 1 AND 2 QUESTIONS
NOTE
: Environmental
lapse rate experiences temperature decreases by 0.6ºC per 100m
1.
A football match started in Town X, 76ºE at 4:30 pm. What would be
the time for a town at Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)?
2.
If the time at Place X, 45º E is 10:00 am, what will be the time at
Place Y, 45º W?
3.
Micheweni is at sea level and has a temperature of 32º C. What is
the temperature of Karatu at 1500m above sea level?
4.
What is the longitude of Morogoro if its local time is 10:00 pm,
whereas the longitude of Accra in Ghana is 0º and the local time is
7:00pm?
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