LE GRANDE MAISON

LE GRANDE MAISON
THE GREAT HOUSE

Friday, March 31, 2017

FORM TWO - GEOGRAPHY DIRECTORY

FORM TWO - GEOGRAPHY DIRECTORY

SUBJECT MATTERS TO COVER

  • Human activities
  • Concept of human activities
  • Agriculture
  • Small scale agriculture
  • Large scale agriculture
  • Livestock keeping
  • Water management for economic development
  • Importance of water
  • River basin development
  • Land reclamation
  • Sustainable use of water resources
  • Water pollution
  • Sustainable use of forest resources
  • Types of forestry resources
  • Importance of forestry resources
  • Important areas of forest products, transport and use
  • Problems associated with forestry resources harvesting
  • Sustainable mining
  • Types of mining
  • Types and distribution of mining regions in the world
  • Methods of mining
  • Contribution of mining to the economy of Tanzania
  • Effects of the mining industry in the environment
  • Focal studies on oil and natural gas
  • Tourism
  • Concept of tourism
  • Factors for the development and growth of tourism
  • Importance of tourism
  • Focal studies on the tourism industry
  • Manufacturing industry
  • Concept and importance of manufacturing industries
  • Types of manufacturing industries
  • Factors for location of industries
  • Pollutants from manufacturing industry
  • Focal studies on manufacturing
  • Sustainable use of power and energy resources
  • Define power and energy
  • Major sources of power
  • Methods of acquiring or extracting power and energy
  • Importance and uses of power and energy resources
  • Problems facing power and energy production
  • Focal studies on wind and solar power in the USA and HEP and biogas in Tanzania
  • Transport
  • Main types of transport
  • Importance of transport
  • Problems facing the transport industry



1. HUMAN ACTIVITIES

CONCEPT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES
- (Not present in form four exams)

2. AGRICULTURE
SMALL SCALE AGRICULTURE
- Growing enough food for a family or small population, with little or no extra food for sale (ex subsistence farming)

OUTLINE THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALL-SCALE AGRICULTURE
- Simple tools are used, areas are small, low production, crops are starch based, poor transport, less use of chemicals to control diseases, family labour is used, local superstitious beliefs dominate among farmers

EFFECTS OF FARMING OF ON THE ENVIRONMENT
- Erosion, destroys bacteria in the soil, overgrazing, deforestation, chemicals, artificial fertilizers tend to increase soil acidity, monoculture destroys fertility

TYPES OF IRRIGATION
- Basin Irrigation, overhead irrigation, trickle irrigation, canal irrigation, tank irrigation, irrigation using lifting devices

EXPLAIN THE TOOLS OR WAYS OF EMPOWERING WOMEN IN SOCIAL AND COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES
- Giving education, loans, incorporating them into decision making, entrepreneurship training

FARMING
- Is the process of producing crops and keeping animals

IRRIGATION
- Is the practice of ensuring that plants get enough water through artificial methods like the construction of dams, canals or tubes

MIXED FARMING
- The process of planting trees and growing crops in the same farm unit

LARGE SCALE AGRICULTURE
- Growing of large amounts of crops to feed the population as well as for sale (ex. cash crops)

DISADVANTAGES OF LARGE SCALE FARMING IN TANZANIA
- Needs large capital investment to establish and maintain, dependent on crop prices, requires a lot of land, can lead to environmental degradation, contributes to migration to farming areas for employment

CAUSES OF THE FAILURE TO SATISFY FOOD DEMANDS IN AFRICA
- Poor technology, insufficient capital, climate failures, poor policy and implementation, pests/diseases, low level of education, rural-urban migration

3. LIVESTOCK KEEPING
LIVESTOCK KEEPING
- The practice of having animals such as goats or cows to provide milk, meat or economic value to an individual or family

THE PROBLEMS OF BEEF CATTLE PRODUCTION IN TANZANIA
- Insufficient capital, lack of adequate cold storage, transportation system, lack of markets, low quality of beef, diseases and pests, shortage of water and food for cattle, tradition of livestock keeping, ignorance of livestock keepers about proper methods of animal husbandry, no emphasis from government on beef cattle production

BEEF CATTLE PRODUCTION CAN BE IMPROVED THROUGH THE FOLLOWING WAYS
- Improvement of transportation and infrastructure, better education of farmers about animal husbandry, explore viability of new markets for beef cattle products, building of adequate storage facilities

BEEF CATTLE PRODUCTION
- Is the rearing of cattle for the purpose of producing products like meat or hides

DESTOCKING
- Reducing the number of animals grazing an area of land compared to the lands capacity

OVERSTOCKING
- Is the act of grazing more animals on a piece of land than the land can handle

PASTORALISM
- Is an economic activity whereby people live by grazing livestock on natural pastures

RANCHING
- A system of keeping animals on a large piece of land

4. WATER MANAGEMENT FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
IMPORTANCE OF WATER
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF WATER
- Encourage industrial development, improved family life, generation of HEP, agricultural development, development of transport, fishing industries, soil formation

EXPLAIN THE NEED FOR AND PROBLEMS WITH IRRIGATION IN NORTH AFRICA
- NEEDS: Areas are semi-arid with low rainfall preventing crops from growing, nomadic groups there are not able to produce enough food for consumption and sale, population is increasing putting pressure on food supplies
- PROBLEMS: Lack of funds in Kenya, lack of modern technology, few irrigation engineers, nomads do not want to settle

REASONS EAST AFRICA HAS NOT DEVELOPED AN ADVANCED FISHING INDUSTRY
- Lack of capital or financial support, poor technology, ocean topography does not encourage fishing grounds, poor market for fish from East Africa, water pollution, poor means of transport, lack of storage facilities

FISHING INDUSTRY
- Is an economic activity that deals with the production or harvesting of fish

5. RIVER BASIN DEVELOPMENT
THE ADVANTAGES OF EXPLOITING THE RUFIJI AND KAGERA RIVER BASINS
- Facilitates irrigation farming to produce food and cash crops, enables finish activities by construction of dams, harness water for hydroelectric power generation, source of clean water, provides employment

THE DISADVANTAGES OF EXPLOITING THE RUFIJI AND KAGERA RIVER BASINS
- Environmental degradation or pollution, contribute to the loss of biodiversity, expensive infrastructure like dams and channels

ELABORATE ON THE ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF FOREST RESOURCES IN THE CONGO BASIN
- Provides raw materials, provides foreign exchange, source of employment, brings economic diversification, develops transportation and communications in the region, can lead to industrial development
LAND RECLAMATION
- The process of turning unproductive land to a useful state such as reclaiming desert land or creating land by filling the seabed

STEPS THAT WERE TAKEN IN NETHERLANDS TO RECLAIM THE LAND
- Building of dams and dykes to retain water from the sea, draining of water using canals and pumps, planting reeds to allow water absorption by plants, burning of reeds to clear the area for cultivation, cultivation of reclaimed land

AIMS OF LAND RECLAMATION
- To control foods, to get more arable land, obtain land for settlement, improve navigation, get clean water

SUSTAINABLE USE OF WATER RESOURCES
BENEFITS OF ESTABLISHING TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY IN THE USA
- Increase in water supply for various uses, improvement in navigation, hydroelectric power, controlling flooding, creating employment, development of tourism, increase size of arable land, development of fishing industry

WATER POLLUTION
EUTROPHICATION
- Excessive growth of algae in rivers and lakes owing to accumulation in the water of minerals such as nitrates which promote plant growth

WAYS OF REDUCING POLLUTANTS
- Locate industry away from residential areas, recycle waste, efficient engines, efforts by government and other organizations to avoid environmental pollution, stronger policies, use of alternative energy resources, develop other safer activities

6. SUSTAINABLE USE OF FOREST RESOURCES
TYPES OF FORESTRY RESOURCES
(Not present in form four exams)

IMPORTANCE OF FORESTRY RESOURCES
IMPORTANCE OF FORESTS
- Protect soil from degradation or erosion, habitat for animals, production of oxygen, providing building material, paper making, maintaining water sources, attract tourism, research studies

AFFORESTATION
- Is the planting of seeds or trees to make a forest on land which has not been a forest recently, or which has never been a forest

AGROFORESTRY
- Approach of using the interactive benefits from trees and shrubs with crops and livestock

REFORESTATION
- Is the reestablishment of a forest after removal, for example from a timber harvest

REJUVENATION
- The renewed activity of an ecological area such as a river or forest

IMPORTANT AREAS OF FOREST PRODUCTS, TRANSPORT AND USE
(Not present in form four exams)

PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH FORESTRY RESOURCES HARVESTING
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE EXPLOITATION OF FORESTS
- Poor capital, lack of valuable species of trees in tropical areas, dense tropical forests, poor transport, low technology, rapid population growth, challenges from environmentalists, coniferous trees face challenges from acidic rain in temperate areas

PROBLEMS FACING THE FORESTRY INDUSTRY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
- Uncontrolled and unplanned cutting of trees, bad cultivation methods and burning of vegetation, wild animals destroy trees as they feed on them, depletion which is caused by higher demand for charcoal and firewood, spread of permanent agriculture, poachers and honey collectors, lack of transport infrastructure, developing countries do not set prices for wood products, many trees in tropical areas have no commercial value

DISCUSS THE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH EXPLOITATION OF FOREST RESOURCES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES LIKE MALAWI
- Deforestation, drought, landslides, shortage of rainfall, soil erosion, loss of biodiversity

7. SUSTAINABLE MINING

TYPES OF MINING
MINERAL ORE
- Is a type of rock that contains minerals with important elements including metals
(Not present in form four exams)

TYPES AND DISTRIBUTION OF MINING REGIONS IN THE WORLD
(Not present in form four exams)

METHODS OF MINING
SHAFT MINING METHOD
- Is the method of excavating a vertical tunnel from the top down, where there is initially no access to the bottom

OPEN CAST MINING (OPEN PIT MINING)
- Is a method of extracting rock or minerals from the earth by their removal from an open pit

CONTRIBUTION OF MINING TO THE ECONOMY OF TANZANIA
(Not present in form four exams)

EFFECTS OF THE MINING INDUSTRY IN THE ENVIRONMENT
DESCRIBE THE EFFECTS OF MINING ACTIVITIES TO THE ENVIRONMENT.
- Pollution, soil degradation, land exhaustion, accelerates deforestation, disappearance of valuable plant species, greenhouse effects, spread of malaria due to standing water in mining pits

FACTORS AFFECTING THE EXPLOITATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES
- Availability and size of mineral deposits, quality of deposits, availability of capital to extract minerals, transportation system, availability of labour forces, methods used to exploit resources, market prices for minerals, availability of water supply to cool machinery and for washing minerals, government policy towards mining

8. FOCAL STUDIES ON OIL AND NATURAL GAS
(Not present in form four exams)

9. TOURISM

CONCEPT OF TOURISM
ECOTOURISM
- Integrated approach that involves the carrying out of tourist activities with a minimum of negative impacts on the natural environment

TOURISM
- Is an economic activity which involves movements of people from their normal working places or homes to other places near or far away, for pleasure or recreation

FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH OF TOURISM
WHY EAST AFRICA IS ATTRACTIVE TO TOURISTS
- Presence of mountains and volcanoes, beaches and coral reefs, culture, art, historical sites, animals, national parks

IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM
NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF TOURISM IN EAST AFRICA
- Environmental degradation, environmental pollution, spread of disease, cultural moral decay, spread of illegal drugs, increased government expenditure

IMPORTANCE OF ECOTOURISM TO THE LOCAL COMMUNITY
- Leads to empowerment of local economy, living standard is raised, locals gain respect of environment and its resources, preserve culture, builds relationship between visitors and local community, helps control diseases due to gaining of education, reduces water pollution, provide a market for local products (goods), stimulates development of transport, promotes environmental conservation awareness

FOCAL STUDIES ON THE TOURISM INDUSTRY
EXPLAIN THE NECESSARY CONDITIONAL FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM INDUSTRY IN SWITZERLAND
- Availability of capital, good infrastructure and transport, scenery, good climatic conditions, availability of recreational activities, peace, located near other European nations

10. MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
CONCEPT AND IMPORTANCE OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
MANUFACTURING
- Involves processing and changing the raw materials so as to make new products

TYPES OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
(Not present in form four exams)

FACTORS FOR LOCATION OF INDUSTRIES
OUTLINE THE FACTORS FOR THE LOCATION OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
- Availability of raw materials, markets, labour supply, power and energy resources, capital, transport and communication, good government support/policy, water supply

FACTORS LIMITING THE DEVELOPMENT OF DAIRY FARMING IN EAST AFRICA
- Poor capital, poor market, lack of storage facilities, poor breeds, lack of electricity and transport, poor technology, lack of skilled labour

POLLUTANTS FROM MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
(Not present in form four exams)

FOCAL STUDIES ON MANUFACTURING
IMPORTANCE OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES TO THE WORLD ECONOMY
- Provides employment, foreign currency, promote development of technology, diversification of economy, leads to self sufficiency, improvement of economic activities like trade/tourism/agriculture, reduces expenses on imports, encourages improvement of social services, development of transportation and communication

REASONS JAPAN PRODUCES SHIPS
- Employs modern and advanced technology, possesses highly skilled employees/technicians, iron/steel industries exist in port towns, large and reliable market for ships, geographical nature of Japan, has little land for cultivation, economically developed

FACTORS FOR POOR DEVELOPMENT OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN TANZANIA
- Poor capital, poor market, lack of skilled labour, lack of transportation, lack of technology and communication, lack of electricity

REASONS FOR THE RAPID EXPANSION OF INDUSTRIES IN SOUTH AFRICA
- Availability of capital, advanced technology, good transport and communication, ready market, availability of raw materials, presence of skilled and non-skilled labour

EXPLAIN THE FACTORS FAVOURING DAIRY FARMING IN
DENMARK
- Development of science and technology, availability of capital, conducive climate, availability of pastures, skilled labour

REASONS FOR AUTO INDUSTRY IN GERMANY
- Skilled technicians, advanced technology, availability of capital, ready market, availability of raw materials, power and energy resources, transport and communications

11. SUSTAINABLE USE OF POWER AND ENERGY RESOURCES
DEFINE POWER AND ENERGY
(Not present in form four exams)

MAJOR SOURCES OF POWER & RESOURCES
NATURAL RESOURCES
- Naturally occurring substances that are considered valuable to human activities

RENEWABLE RESOURCE
- Any natural resource that can be used without depleting its reserves

HYDROELECTRIC POWER
- Use of water to create power through the use of turbines

WIND
- Use of the wind to power turbines and create energy

SOLAR
- Use of solar panels to get electricity from the Sun’s energy

NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES
- Resources whose reserves can be depleted

PETROLEUM
- Oil used in cars, heavy machines or lubricants. Burned for energy and pollutes

PRECIOUS STONES
- Gold, diamonds and other minerals mines for market or industrial uses

WAYS TO CONSERVE NATURAL RESOURCES
- Avoid deforestation, make good laws, enforce environmental laws, modernize technology to avoid effects of mining or industry, protect water sources, education

ACTIVITIES OF MAN THAT AFFECT NATURAL RESOURCES
- Agriculture, overgrazing, mining, cutting of trees for timber

METHODS OF ACQUIRING OR EXTRACTING POWER AND ENERGY
(Not present in form four exams)

IMPORTANCE AND USES OF POWER AND ENERGY RESOURCES
PRECONDITIONS FOR ESTABLISHING HYDROELECTRIC POWER - Presence of a sufficient and constant supply of a large volume of water (i.e. lake or river), steep gradient or slope along the long profile of the river, presence of lakes along the river, availability of space to build dams and reservoirs, enough capital to invest and maintain the plant, presence of skilled technicians, modern technology, market for electricity

ADVANTAGES OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER
- Clean power, does not cause severe destruct of environment, dams help prevent flooding, provides employment, easy to maintain after initial installation, stimulates industrial development, developing nations can use hydroelectric power cheaply

PROBLEMS FACING POWER AND ENERGY PRODUCTION
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH EXPLOITATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES
- Pollution, low capital, low technology, lack of ready market, lack of skilled labour

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF NATURAL GAS
- ADVANTAGES: Efficient, cleaner than oil, easy to transport

- DISADVANTAGES: Explodes easily, causes air pollution, exhaustible (non-renewable)

FOCAL STUDIES ON WIND AND SOLAR POWER IN THE USA AND HEP AND BIOGAS IN TANZANIA
IMPORTANCE OF NATURAL GAS TO TANZANIA
- Improving standard of living, reducing cost of power, promotes environmental conservation, provide employment, brings in foreign currency, source of government revenue, stimulate exploitation of other energy resources like petroleum

12. TRANSPORT

MAIN TYPES OF TRANSPORT
(Not present in form four exams)

IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORT
(Not present in form four exams)

PROBLEMS FACING THE TRANSPORT INDUSTRY
(Not present in form four exams)

13. FORM 1 AND 2 QUESTIONS

NOTE : Environmental lapse rate experiences temperature decreases by 0.6ºC per 100m

1. A football match started in Town X, 76ºE at 4:30 pm. What would be the time for a town at Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)?

2. If the time at Place X, 45º E is 10:00 am, what will be the time at Place Y, 45º W?

3. Micheweni is at sea level and has a temperature of 32º C. What is the temperature of Karatu at 1500m above sea level?

4. What is the longitude of Morogoro if its local time is 10:00 pm, whereas the longitude of Accra in Ghana is 0º and the local time is 7:00pm?

No comments:

Post a Comment